Aaccording to Spolsky, bilingualism happens when
someone has mastered his first language and second language. According to
Ferguson, Diglossia is used in society’s condition where there are two
variations from one language and each has roles. For example, in Javanese
language, there are Ngoko, Madya, and Kromo. In Bahasa Indonesia, there are ragam bahasa lisan and ragam bahasa tulis.
Then, code switching
occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or
language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. For example,
code switching speaker A & B are speaking together in Sundanese, suddenly
speaker C comes to them but he does not understand Sundanese. Therefore,
speaker A & B change the code to Bahasa Indonesia.
Code mixing refers to
the mixing of two or
more languages or language varieties in speech. For example, when two people speak
and they mix their languages using Bahasa Indonesia and local language such as
Javanese and Sundanese.
Integration is the use of element of other
language systematically as if it has been the part of the speaker’s native
language. For example, Police (English) becomes polis (Malaysia), research (English) becomes riset (Indonesia), System (English) becomes sistem (Indonesia), and Standard (English) becomes standar (Indonesia).
Next, convergence
occurs in geographic areas with two or more unrelated languages in contact,
resulting in groups of languages with similar linguistic features that were not
inherited. For example, the Balkans Sprachbund is an extreme case of language
convergence Balkans Sprachbund contact between AD 800 and AD 170 lead to
changes in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon of Albania, Bulgarian, Romanian, and Greek.
-Based on many sources-
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