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Today, I will share regarding several definitions of Pragmatic Transfer and types of Pragmatic Transfer that I have collected from any sources, such as journal article.
1. Bu (2012)
Pragmatic Transfer is regarded as a research branch of interlanguage pragmatics which can be understood as the influence exerted by leaners’ prgamatic knowledge of languages and cultures other than second language on their comprehension, production, and learning of second language of pragmatic information. Many studies show that although learners may have learned the target language grammar and the target language form, they are not necessarily able to understand the social and cultural rules which constrain the target language use. In their communication with native speakers of the target language, learners tend to transfer their native social and cultural norms into the target language, produce inappropriate linguistic behaviors, and lead to pragmatic failure. This phenomenon is referred to as L1 pragmatic transfer. L1 pragmatic transfer can be caused by many factors, including learners’ L2 proficiency.
2. Loutfi (2016)
Pragmatic Transfer delineates the inability of non-native speakers to convey appropriately a message in the target language due to their lack of pragmatic competence, the result of which is pragmatic failure/communication breakdown. Often times, this transfer is the corollary of importing L1 norms and culture to the second language.
3. Jiang (2015)
There are two types of Pragmatic Transfer. These types are (1) pragmalinguistic transfer which can be defined as the intersection of pragmatics and linguistic forms. Transfer in this context is then the result of selecting certain linguistic strategies and norms from L1 and transporting them into the target language and (2) sociopragmatic transfer which can be defined as the interface of linguistic actions and social structure. Pragmatic transfer is the impact of the learners’ L1 linguistic and cultural knowledge on the understanding, performance, and acquisition of the L2 pragmatic language. Also, pragmatic transfer can be defined as the use of rules and norms from one’s own native speech community when interacting with people from the other community or simply when speaking or writing in the target language. Pragmatic transfer can be classified into two types. These types are (1) positive transfer which happens when conventions and rules of language use are shared between L1 and L2 and (2) negative transfer which happens when L1 pragmatic knowledge is different from L2 pragmatic knowledge. However, since there are difficulties to identify positive pragmatic transfer for two reasons which are methodology difficulty and a concern with miscommunication, most studies about pragmatic transfer focus on negative transfer.
References
Bu, J. (2012). A Study of Relationships between L1 Pragmatic Transfer
and L2 Proficiency. English Language Teaching, 5(1),
32-43.
Jiang, L. (2015). An Empirical Study on Pragmatic Transfer in Refusal
Speech Act Produced by Chinese High School EFL Learners. English
Language Teaching, 8(7), 95-113.
Loutfi, A. (2016). Pragmatic transfer in Moroccan EFL learners’
requests. Asian Journal of Education and e-learning, 4(1).
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